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''Pulingaws'' are known as shamans for the Taiwanese indigenous tribes of Puyuma and Paiwan, which in general would share the same roles as the Puyuman ''pulingaw'' but there are some distinctions. ''Pulingaws'' are, claimed to be, selected by their electing ancestors known as ''kinitalian'', who often turn out to be the ''pulingaw''s’ ancestors, which happen to also be another form of spiritual entity called ''birua''. ''Kinitalians'' can choose whoever they please as the next ''pulingaw'' amongst its immediate or extended family members. Although females were often selected to continue the line of shaman-ism, not all ''pulingaws'' are female and there were rare instances where males were selected to take up the role.〔Cauquelin, J. (2004) ''The Aborigines of Taiwan; The Puyuma: from headhunting to the modern world''. RoutledgeCurzon, London.〕 However, the ''pulingaws gender issue is still an ongoing debate as certain sources insist that only females become ''pulingaws''.〔http://140.133.6.46/ETD-db/ETD-search/view_etd?URN=etd-0723110-171901〕 The ''pulingaws'' are considered as therapists, who are responsible for mediating and bringing peace to social and biological disorders. They are also responsible for various rituals that range from hunting ceremonies, exorcisms and funerals.〔http://www.ipcf.org.tw/ipcf/associate/tribe/tribeDetail.htmlCID=1FE45C38A00FAC61&sn=AEB8BBC40B9D7837143331A7531EBAF5〕 ==The role of ''pulingaws''== The ''pulingaws'' are considered to be above other mainstream therapists and they have a significant social status of their own within the Puyuma community. They have been bestowed with the role of averting and curing biological and sociological maladies but at the same time, pleasing their electoral spirits, ''kinitalian''.〔http://www.ipcf.org.tw/ipcf/associate/tribe/tribeDetail.html?CID=1FE45C38A00FAC61&sn=AEB8BBC40B9D7837143331A7531EBAF5〕 The ''pulingaws'' do not receive former training and they are expected to learn their skills by following and imitating what their fellow senior ''pulingaws'' would be doing.〔http://www.ipcf.org.tw/ipcf/associate/tribe/tribeDetail.html?CID=1FE45C38A00FAC61&sn=AEB8BBC40B9D7837143331A7531EBAF5〕 Their job involves visiting their clients’ houses when requested and providing them with spiritual healing processes. ''Pulingaws'' are also expected to participate in an annual ritual, known as ''pualasakan'', which happens during the third day of the third moon. The ritual lasts for eight days an during then, the ''pulingaws'' perform chants, self-purification using water, ridding their sanctuary of miasma, and on the last night of ''pualasakan'', ''punlingaws'' would perform their ‘words of offering’ and be in the ''yaulas'' stage, which is a divine stage that allows the pulingaws to connect with their ancestors’ ''biruas''. ''Pualasakan'' rituals also include another individual that deals with the supernatural, known as the ''benabulu'', who is often a man.〔Cauquelin, J. (2004) The Aborigines of Taiwan; The Puyuma: from headhunting to the modern world. RoutledgeCurzon, London〕 Different ''pulingaws'' have somewhat similar practices and languages.〔Cauquelin, J. (2008) ''Ritual Texts of the Last Traditional Practitioners of Nanwang Puyuma''. Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.〕 They also perform the ''yaulas'' ritual where they perform the yaulas rite and incarnate ''birua''(s) in order to deal with either biological or sociological events. These dealings may pose neutral, beneficial or even detrimental effects. For example for biological events, if an individual’s ''tinabawan'' (one of the three souls of an individual) is affected by their ancestral ''birua'', who would most likely be offended or annoyed by the individual’s behaviour or actions, the ''pulingaw'' would try to summon the ''birua'' and rectify the situation. During rituals as such, areca nuts and fired clay beads are often used to summon ''birua'' or even for exorcising purposes. The areca nuts are also used as repellents for vengeful spirits, who are either animals or birua who had an unpleasant life prior to their deaths or they carried vengeful intentions during the deaths.〔Cauquelin, J. (2004) The Aborigines of Taiwan; The Puyuma: from headhunting to the modern world. RoutledgeCurzon, London〕 The main reason behind why most elected individuals refuse to become a ''pulingaw'' is due to the need cope with having a double life. Since most ''pulingaws'' are females, they are required to carry out their expected roles such as cooking, childcare and since they have been bestowed with the fate, she has to attend to patients, whom she cannot refuse unless she is severely ill or injured and that her predicament inhibits her from commuting towards other locations. At times, there would be a need for these ''pulingaws'' to leave their own house to attend to housecalls during the day and don’t even get back home till the wee hours in the morning.〔Cauquelin, J. (2004) ''The Aborigines of Taiwan; The Puyuma: from headhunting to the modern world''. RoutledgeCurzon, London.〕 The ''pulingaws'', however, do expect some form of payment from their patients as their birua have informed them that they do not agree to doing ‘unpaid’ work and if no payment was received, the ''pulingaw'' would be the one suffering the punishment from the ''birua'', as mentioned in the previous paragraph that the ''birua'' is often summoned to deal with an individual’s torment or suffering. These payments used to come in the form of a few coins or areca nuts since fees are paid according to their clients’ discretion. Hence, payment can come in any form, even a gift, and as long as there is a payment, the ''birua'' would remain content.〔Cauquelin, J. (2004) ''The Aborigines of Taiwan; The Puyuma: from headhunting to the modern world''. RoutledgeCurzon, London.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puyuma Pulingaw」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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